The Al-Aqsa Flood of 7 October 2023 caught a highly militarized Israel by surprise. It was a nodal point in a 75-year history of resistance that uniquely interpenetrated the three phases of a people’s war (strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, strategic counter-offensive); the three organizational forms of armed forces (people’s militia, regional troops, regular troops); and the three fighting forms (guerilla warfare, mobile warfare, positional warfare).